《考研英语作文万能（精选20篇）》

在平平淡淡的学习、工作、生活中，大家都写过作文吧，作文根据体裁的不同可以分为记叙文、说明文、应用文、议论文。为了让您在写作文时更加简单方便，

考研英语作文万能模板 1

bacteria are extremely small living things. while we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. one micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across.

rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. thus if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. an adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile(1.6 kilometer) tall.

even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots. one cannot make out anything of their structure.

using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking "hairs" called flagella. others have only one flagellum. the flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.

from the bacteria point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans. to a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us. bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water.

this is because they collide with the watery molecules and are pushed this way and that. molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacteria have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.

考研英语作文万能模板 2

write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing. in your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

you should write neatly on answer sheet 2. (20 points)as is vividly revealed in the drawing above, water is being wisely utilized in the daily life of a family. the good conduct is indeed praiseworthy and should be popularized in our society.

the implied meaning of the drawing can be stated as follows. to begin with, to practise economy is closely related to our daily life. in terms of our clothing, food, sheltering, and transport, much work can be done to save valuable energy and natural resources such as power, water, coal, gas and so on. we, as university students, should take the wise use of paper and second-hand textbooks into consideration. what’s more, the public participation is the foundation of a society in which to practise economy is advocated and treasured. since social environment is shaped by the general public, the cultivation of economy-practising society depends on the active involvement of every member of our society, be he old or young. in sum, our daily life should be permeated with the sense of practising economy and public participation should be encouraged.

in my view, necessary measures should be taken so as to practise economy. on the one hand, we should launch a public campaign to help people build up the sense of practicing economy in our routine life. on the other hand, education on how to practise economy must be promoted by relevant government departments and professionals at different levels. only in this way can we create a real economy-practising society.

考研英语作文万能模板 3

A gift of money is generous and welcomed at our school. There are many tings that my school could use. To decide, one must consider the amount of the gift and understand that it is a one-time ting. Keeping this in mind, I think that my school could most benefit form new classroom fixtures.

If you looked at our school, you would agree that nearly all of the classrooms could use new desks, chairs, chalkboards, bookshelves and cabinets. Our school is old and the people who live here aren't very wealthy. New equipment would provide students with the tools that they need to learn. It is hard to write papers if there aren't enough desks and chairs. It is hard to learn when the blackboards are so old that they can't be erased properly. It is also difficult to organize school supplies without proper bookshelves and cabinets.

Another plus that new equipment would provide is that it would make the school more attractive to the community. It is hard for a community to be proud of a school that is falling apart. If the community felt that out school was important, perhaps others would give more money in the future. That would allow us to further improve our school. In addition, maybe community members would feel encouraged to come and help out in the school. That would make it even better.

Students would be happier with new equipment. It would make them want to come to school and learn. There would be fewer dropouts. By continuing in their education, these students will be able to better contribute to our community in the future—perhaps even becoming further schoolteachers.

While there are many things that can be purchased with a gift of money at our school, I believe that new equipment is the best choice. New equipment would improve the learning environment, the community's attitude, and the students' feelings about their school.

考研英语作文万能模板 4

I think high school students should be allowed to choose some of the subjects they study. However, the basic subjects, like mathematics, literature, and science, should be mandatory for all students.

When I was in high school, we were allowed to choose three electives each semester. Electives were subjects that weren’t part of the basic curriculum. They included things like music, journalism, art, and various kinds of team sports. Choosing some of these subjects to study gave me a chance to experiment. I was able to get a head start on what I was going to study in college.

However, college preparation shouldn’t be the main factor. I think all students should be allowed to take a certain number of courses just because they’re interested in them. For many students, high school is the last chance to learn about things they’re interested in. Maybe once they have a job there won’t be time for studying.

Of course, it’s also important that students study certain basic subjects. If I’d had a choice, I know I wouldn’t have studied mathematics or science. I wasn’t very interested in them. However, once I was in class, I found myself getting interested. I wouldn’t have known this if I’d been given the choice, because I would have chosen not to take the courses.

High school students aren’t always the best judges of what they’ll find useful in the years ahead. They need the guidance of experts in the field of education. However, they also need some freedom to follow their curiosity and individual interests. They should be given the freedom to choose some courses, while being required to take others.

考研英语作文万能模板 5

chinese language faces some challenges. as compared with english and other latin based languages, chinese is less popular and more difficuh for computer word processing. some college students, wondering whether it is still one of the best languages in the world, neglect chinese study.

etensive research has revealed that chinese possesses many advantages over other languages. written chinese is based on a set of ideogram characters. from a simple word one may obtain a wealth of information about its hidden meaning, evolution history and related phrases. historians can decipher the damaged ancient characters carved on o hones but no such achievement could be obtained with latin-based languages. to epress a given idea, the chinese version is always the shortest, most accurate and most , chinese kids learn chinese by memorizing patterns or funny pictures which stimulate curiosity and imagination. it is well recognized that human brains work well with patterns and pattern recognition in turn promotes brain development. whats more, chinese is also easy to learn. many foreigners speak chinese fluently after a few years of learning. recently, several word processing programs have been successfully developed for chinese language and turned out to be better than those designed for english.

chinese is the crystallization of the splendid culture developed continuously for over 5,000 years. many treasures remain to be eplored. as china grows stronger, more and more foreigners will learn chinese and share the invaluable treasure.

考研英语作文万能模板 6

The above bar chart shows the results of a report concerning the ideal career standards of most university students. Based on the data offered, steadiness, high salary and comfortable environment are highly acclaimed by students. What is reflected in the chart is most thought-provoking and worth discussing among the general public for the time being.

The contributing factors responsible for this phenomenon can be summarized as follows. To begin with, the spirit of challenge is missing among most university students. As is indicated in the chart above, the majority of students regard steadiness as their top ideal career standard. The very fact shows that now most university students lack the confidence and courage to face hardships and difficulties in terms of work. Whats more, most students are money-oriented and self-centered. Therefore, high income and comfortable environment are viewed as the most important factors in terms of their standards, which indicates most people lack the spirit of serving the people and rewarding the society. In short, the employment ideal of university students needs to be adjusted.

In my view, some necessary measures should be taken to establish new ideal occupation standards among university students. For one thing, a widespread education campaign must be launched to popularize correct employment concepts. For another, a healthy social environment should be created so as to guide the development of students mind. Only in these ways can university students find their ideal jobs in our harmonious society.

考研英语作文万能模板 7

competition is a common phenomenon(现象) in our social life. we compete when we play games and when we try to do better than others in our study. there is constant(不变的) competition for academic(大学的) degrees, jobs, customers, money and so forth. in a sense(感觉), competition is one of the motive(推动的。) force to the development of society.

in the natural world, the weak will be replaced by the strong and the fittest can live; therefore, the only way to survive(活下来) is to be competitive. growing in a competitive environment is important for a child because future adult life is difficult. finding a good job, for eample, is an etremely competitive activity. today, most people obtain knowledge through various ways and a large number of people get good education. there are also many people who have higher degrees in their special fields. the quality of people is rapidly increasing. competition is more violent(激烈的) that what we thought it should be. the potentially(潜在地) successful job applicant(申请人) has to be prepared in a stronger position by gaining more qualification(资格) and eperience. in the sports contests(竞争), the strongest will come out as winners. they become our heroes and they are glorified(赞美). in the business world, to beat your competitors, you must be better than the other employees. otherwise you will be defeated(击败).

in fact, the only way our world reward(报答) people is to give laurels(殊荣) to the winners, not to the losers(失败者). what is more, by attempting to compete at different activities, we learn to win and lose, gain eperience and know our strengths(实力) and weaknesses. competition prepares us for the tough(坚韧的) things in life.

to go ahead, to acquire possession(所有物), we should be competitive. to us, industriousness(勤奋) and ambition(抱负) are positive(确实的) values.

whether in games, in study or in business alike, the aim is to win the game, the degree, the trophy(战利品), and the contract(合同). learning to be competitive is clearly the best preparation for life.

考研英语作文万能模板 8

This is quite an extraordinary and meaningful picture. The old grandma, when alive, was fed poorly with a bowl of rice for every meal. In contrast, after her death, there is a memorial tablet set up for her, in front of which is a table of delicacies as tributes. Apparently, the grandma’s children merely want to show off how well they treat their mother while they were actually ingrates.

Ridiculous as it is, the phenomenon is not rare in today’s society. For one thing, enormous economic development brings not only wealth, but also the public obsession for material possessions, individual gain and loss which undermines the once sacred bond between parents and children. For another, people seem to be fond of boasting off how they abide by traditions through holding grand funerals for their parents. As a matter of fact, some even compete about the extravagance of the event.

I contend that those who practice as the picture reveals miss the essence and deep values of our traditions. Filial piety should not be expressed via superficial “performance”, but via children’s genuine care and love for their parents. Thinking about how parents have taken care of us when we were babies in cradles, we should realize that they all need due attention when aging.

译文：

这是一幅非常特别而且有意义的图画。一位老奶奶在生前吃得非常简单，每顿饭只有一碗米饭。相反，在她过世后，后人为她立了一个牌位，前面放了一桌的山珍海味作为她的贡品。显然她的孩子们只是想炫耀他们对待母亲有多么好，实际上他们只是忘恩负义之辈。

尽管这种现象非常荒。唐，但是在我们的社会中却并不少见。一方面，经济的巨大发展不仅带来了更多的财富，而且也使人们热衷于物质收益和个人得失，这些都破坏了过去那种父母与儿女之间的神圣关系。另一方面，人们似乎非常喜欢通过为父母举办豪华的葬礼来显示他们有多么遵守传统。实际上，有一些人甚至攀比葬礼的奢华铺张。

不过，我认为图中揭示的这种做法没有抓住我们传统文化的本质和深层价值。孝顺不应该通过表面的“表演”来表现，而是应该通过孩子们对父母真正的。关爱来表达。想一想当我们还是在摇篮中的婴儿的时候父母曾给过我们怎样的关爱，我们应该意识到在他们老了以后也应该得到该得的关心。

考研英语作文万能模板 9

when did sport begin? if sport is, in essence, play, the claim might be made that sport is much older than humankind, for , as we all have observed, the beasts play. dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games. fishes and birds dance. the apes have simple, pleasurable games. frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and transspecies bonds with the universe of animals - past, present, and future. young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh (or so it seems) to the point of delighted ehaustion. their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest.

some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature. in their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and eperimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action. play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life. this is a grand conception that ecites and provokes. the holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments ---- liturgy, literature, and law ---- can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children. our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse.

the origin of sports!

考研英语作文万能模板 10

With Chicago s antiloitering law struck down, California is a model for how to fight street gangs

The image was riveting, as justice John Paul Stevens, a Chicago native, presented it. A gang member and his father are hanging out near Wrigley Field. Are they there to rob an unsuspecting fan or just to get a glimpse of Sammy Sosa leaving the ball park? A police officer has no idea, but under Chicago s anti-gang law, the cop must order them to disperse. With Stevens writing for a 6-to-3 majority, the Supreme Court last week struck down Chicago s sweeping statute, which had sparked 42,000 arrests in its three years of enforcement.

The decision was a blow to advocates of get-tough crime policies. But in a widely noted concurring opinion, Justice Sandra Day O Connor suggested that a less draconian approach--distinguishing gang members from innocent bystanders--might pass constitutional muster. New language could target loiterers with no apparent purpose other than to establish control over identifiable areas, to intimidate others from entering those areas or to conceal illegal activities, she wrote. Chicago officials vowed to draft a new measure. We will go back and correct it and then move forward, said Mayor Richard Daley.

Chicago officials, along with the League of Cities and 31 states that sided with them in court, might do well to look at one state where anti-gang loitering prosecutions have withstood constitutional challenges: California. The state has two antiloitering statutes on the books, aimed at people intending to commit specific crimes--prostitution and drug dealing. In addition, a number of local prosecutors are waging war against gangs by an innovative use of the public-nuisance laws.

考研英语作文万能模板 11

In most cases, one should never judge a person by external appearances. Sometimes when I walk down the street at night, I avoid people who are acting tough and loud, but in general, I prefer to reserve judgment until I get to know someone. Judging someone by external appearance can be deceptive. Judgments based on external appearances prevent you from getting to know a person reinforce stereotypes, and are superficial and limiting.

In high school, I stayed away from students who were called the "bad students" because they dressed a certain way. I wanted nothing to do with them. I later had the chance to meet one of these "bad students" because of our mothers, we started talking and I realized that we had a lot in common. My impression of him was very different once I got to know him.

If you form an opinion of someone based on stereotypes, you risk never getting to know someone who is different. You may are be missing out on an opportunity to make a good friend. In addition, you are reinforcing that stereotype by believing it without given the person a chance. If you take the time to get to know the person, you might become friends.

Judging people by external appearance is superficial and often unfair. After all, you don't know what circumstances the person might be facing or who the person really is. Perhaps the person comes from a less fortunate family than you and cannot afford the kind of stylish clothes your friends wear. However, that does not mean the person is less intelligent or interesting than you are.

People should not be naive about new people they meet, but should take time to get to know them. External appearance often does not tell us anything about a person. Judging someone by their appearance is misleading, reinforces stereotypes, and is limiting. Doing so could prevent you from making a true friend.

考研英语作文万能模板 12

everyone says,” there is always a gap between imagination and reality, the former is always more ideal(理想) than the latter.” although most people know that we cannot equate imagination with reality, people still find it hard to resist the temptation of imagination, for it is so sweet and wonderful, especially for me when i was working hard for my university dream in high school.

endless homework, heavy pressure couldn’t prevent me from drawing a fascinating(迷人的') picture of the university life in my mind. students are sitting leisurely(悠闲) on the green lawn, playing romantic songs with the guitar, or walking along the tree-lined pathway(小径), talking and laughing heartily… i imaged a large and beautiful campus, bright, clean classrooms, and cheap, tasty food. reality is, on most occasion, inferior(低等的， 低于)imagination.

when i was a university student, i found what i had imagined was far beyond reality. instead of sitting on the lawn singing songs, the students were seen reciting(背诵) english tets aloud; instead of walking cheerfully(欢乐地) along the small paths, they were walking hurriedly with books under their arms. i never epected to live on the sith floor, the highest story. every day i had to drag(拖着) myself to my room after class, out of breath. and the meals disappointed me too.

when imagination and reality were naked(暴露的) before each other, i couldn’t deny(否定) a kind of comple feelings in my heart. how could i put the english books aside to read pastime books? how could i play while others were found me leaving late in the evening?

in the face of reality, imagination is beautiful, while reality can teach us much eperience, which we cannot obtain from imagination.

考研英语作文万能模板 13

prices determine how resources are to be used. they are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. the price system of the united states is a comple network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. the interrelationships of all these prices make up the system of prices. the price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.

if one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define price, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. this definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. for a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be echanged, the time and place at which the echange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. in other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total package being echanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

考研英语作文万能模板 14

The kitchen is my favorite room in a house, because it is where families gather. To me, that is the most important thing. So many of the memories people have of growing up revolve around the kitchen. My childhood memories concern the kitchens in my grandparents ‘homes.

My mother’s family lived in a row house in the city. The rooms were all small, and that included the kitchen. In the summertime, when we’d visit, the back door of the house would be left open. People would be sitting on the back porch and in the kitchen, talking and laughing, while my grandmother made dinner. There was no air-conditioning, but I don’t ever remember feeling too hot. There was always a breeze coming through, along with the sounds of traffic and kids playing ball in the street.

My father’s family liver on a farm in the country, and their house had a huge kitchen with windows on three sides. It seems like the windows were always open and the curtains blowing with the breeze. The main door to the house was almost never used. Everyone came in through the kitchen, and sat at the big table in the middle of the room. When dinner was being prepared, all the women would bustle around, while the men sat at the table talking about farm prices. Sometimes my grandmother wouldn’t even sit down during dinner, but would be refilling bowls of food and people’s glasses. From outside ,we could hear the cows in the field near the house.

These two kitchens are the background for some of my happiest memories. From the beginning of time, human beings have gathered together near the fire where the food was being prepared. I hope that never changes.

考研英语作文万能模板 15

icebergs are among nature＇s most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never seen one. a vague air of mystery envelops them. they come into being ----- somewhere ------in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases no one hears or sees. they eist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.

objects of sheerest beauty they have been called. appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly of in darker hues. they are graceful, stately, inspiring ----- in calm, sunlight seas.

but they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are ---- in the night, in the fog, and in storms. even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them. most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may etend out far beyond the visible top. also, they may roll over unepectedly, churning the waters around them.

icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. they embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago. the snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries.

as each year＇s snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. when new snow fell on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. so blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones. with time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.

考研英语作文万能模板 16

one day thirty years ago marseilles lay in the burning sun. a blazing sun upon a fierce august day was no greater rarity in southern france then than at any other time before or since. everything in marseilles and about marseilles had stared at the fervid sun, and been stared at in return, until a staring habit had become universal there.

strangers were stared out of countenance by staring white houses, staring white streets, staring tracts of arid road, staring hills from which verdure was burnt away. the only things to be seen not fiedly staring and glaring were the vines drooping under their loads of grapes. these did occasionally wink a little,as the hot air barely moved their faint leaves.

the universal stare made the eyes ache. towards the distant blue of the italian coast, indeed, it was a little relieved by light clouds of mist slowly rising from the evaporation of the sea, but it softened nowhere else. far away the staring roads, deep in dust, stared from the hillside, stared from the hollow, stared fiom the interminable plain. far away the dusty vines overhanging wayside cottages, and the monotonous wayside avenues of parched trees without shade,dropped beneath the stare of earth and sky. so did the horse with drowsy bells, in long files of carts, creeping slowly towards the interior; so did their recumbent drivers, when they were awake, which rarely happened; so did the ehausted laborers in the fields. everything that lived or grew was oppressed by the glare: ecept the lizard, passing swiftly over rough stone walls,and cicada, chirping its dry hot chirp, like a rattle. the very dust was scorched brown, and something quivered in the atmosphere as if the air itself were panting.

blinds, shutters, curtains, awnings, were all closed and drawn to keep out the stare. grant it but a chink or a keyhole,and it shot in like a whitehot arrow.

考研英语作文万能模板 17

Most kids love to play sports. It’s important to them, but for the majority, it’s just one type of activity out of many that they do. For a small number of kids, though, a sport becomes their whole life. They spend almost all their time and energy practicing. This has both advantages and disadvantages.

Sports are good for young children in many ways. Kids who enjoy sports are likely to have better health. They develop good habits of daily exercise that will keep them healthy as adults, too. Today, many children and adults are overweight, but those who love sports stay in shape. Plus, by developing their physical abilities, they will learn how to work hard towards a goal. Their achievements in sports will make them feel good about themselves. They’ll also make friends and learn teamwork. Sports, whether a little or a lot, can have positive effects.

We admire the talent and dedication of young athletes, but we also wonder if they’re losing something. Their focus is very narrow. If they devote most of their time to sports, are they neglecting schoolwork? What about other interests? Children should try out many different activities. In addition, many young athletes are pressured by parents or coaches to succeed. Kids whose drive comes from inside usually do okay, but others can be unhappy and have health and emotional problems. So sports, like anything else in excess, can have negative effect too.

When I was young, I liked books and hated sports. I saw other people who loved sports and hated school. Now that I’m older, I’ve found a better balance. People have to figure out what’s right for them. Is there such a thing as too much sports? There is no right answer, because there is no “right amount.” Everyone is different.

考研英语作文万能模板 18

I’d rather have the university assign a roommate to share a room with me. As far as I’m concerned, this is part of the university experience. Students should meet new people and be open to new experiences. I like leaving this up to chance.

Actually, even though the university will choose, it’s not totally a matter of chance. We all filled out information sheets. The school knows what we’re majoring in, what our interests are, and our study habits and our goals. I think they’re probably very good at matching roommates using this information. They’ve had a lot of practice. Besides, if a mistake is made, I can change my room assignment next semester.

If I did want to choose my own roommate, I’d first pick some candidates from the list supplied by the university. Then I’d write to them and they’d write back. Through our letters, we’d find out if we shared common interests, such as sports or movies. More importantly, we’d find out if we like doing the same things in our free time. Because my investigation, I’d probably get someone compatible with me. It’s a lot of work to go through, though. Besides, the process of finding similar interests isn’t all that different from what the university does.

Trying to predict whom I’m going to get along with is not a science. I might choose someone who sounds just like me and still find that the two of us just don’t get along as roommates. Besides, I think it would be boring to room with somebody who’s just the same as me. I’d rather be with someone who has different interests and likes to do different things. Maybe I’d even get a roommate from another culture. After all, one of the reasons I’m going to the university is to be exposed to a lot of new experiences. So, I’d rather have the university choose my roommate for me.

考研英语作文万能模板 19

Bacteria are etremely small living things. while we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. one micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. thus if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. an adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile(1.6 kilometer) tall.

Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots. one cannot make out anything of their structure. using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking "hairs" called flagella. others have only one flagellum. the flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.

From the bacteria point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans. to a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us. bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. this is because they collide with the watery molecules and are pushed this way and that. molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacteria have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly eposed to a changing environment.

考研英语作文万能模板 20

to avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. if the matter is one that can be settled by observation,make the observation yourself.

many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of eperience. if, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters,there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. if an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. if someone maintains that two and two are five, or that iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. the most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good

evidence either way. persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in theology there is only opinion. so wheneveryou find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on eamination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.

a good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. if the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. in this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. this reflection should generate a certain caution.

for those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. this has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space.